Saturday, November 17, 2012

Meteorites reveal warm water existed on Mars

ScienceDaily (Nov. 15, 2012) ? Hydrothermal fractures around Martian impact craters may have been a habitable environment for microbial life.

New research by the University of Leicester and The Open University into evidence of water on Mars, sufficiently warm enough to support life, has been published this week in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

The study determined that water temperatures on the Red Planet ranged from 50?C to 150?C. Microbes on Earth can live in similar waters, for example in the volcanic thermal springs at Yellowstone Park, the scientists behind the research point out.

The research is based on detailed scrutiny of Mars meteorites on Earth using powerful microscopes in the University of Leicester Department of Physics and Astronomy. This was followed-up by computer modeling work at The Open University.

Dr John Bridges, Reader in Planetary Science in the University of Leicester Space Research Centre and Lead Author, said: "Rovers on Mars -- the Mars Exploration rovers Spirit and Opportunity, and the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity -- are studying rocks to find out about the geologic history of the Red Planet. Some of the most interesting questions are what we can find out about water, how much there was and what temperature it might have had.

"While the orbiters and rovers are studying the minerals on Mars, we also have meteorites from Mars here on Earth. They come in three different groups, the shergottites, the nakhlites and the chassignites. Of most interest for the question of water on Mars are the nakhlites, because this group of Martian meteorites contains small veins, which are filled with minerals formed by the action of water near the surface of Mars."

Dr. Bridges and his group studied those alteration minerals in great detail. Altogether eight nakhlite Martian meteorites are known, and all have small but significant differences between them and in their alteration minerals.

Lafayette is one of them; and the most complete succession of newly formed minerals can be found in its veins. Careful investigations of the minerals with an electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope have revealed that the first newly formed mineral to grow along the walls of the vein was iron carbonate. The carbonate would have been formed by CO2-rich water around 150?C. When the water cooled to 50?C, it would have formed the clay minerals, which were then followed by an amorphous phase that has the same composition as the clay.

Microbes use the reactions during mineral formation to gain energy and elements essential for their survival.

Dr Bridges added: "The mineralogical details we see tell us that there had been high carbon dioxide pressure in the veins to form the carbonates. Conditions then changed to less carbon dioxide in the fluid and clay minerals formed. We have a good understanding of the conditions minerals form in but to get to the details, chemical models are needed."

Dr Susanne Schwenzer, Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of Physical Sciences at The Open University who previously studied Martian meteorite compositions, said: "Until John's study was finished, I used the findings from orbiters around Mars, and modelled each of the new minerals individually. Those orbiters have found clays on the surface of Mars, but the spatial resolution is very different from the detailed study achieved in the nakhlites. Before we had the detailed study of the nakhlite meteorites, we did not know that carbonates are forming first, followed by the clays. Therefore I was very excited to see the details of the new mineralogical study."

By combining data from both universities, researchers were able to predict water conditions on Mars. Initially, the water was around 150?C and contained a lot of CO2, forming the carbonates, then cooled to about 50?C, thus forming the clays.

"The driving force heating the water might have been an impact into the Martian surface." Dr. Bridges explains. "And you only have to look at a map of Mars to see how numerous those are on the Martian surface," Dr. Schwenzer adds.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Leicester.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. J.C. Bridges, S.P. Schwenzer. The nakhlite hydrothermal brine on Mars. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2012; 359-360: 117 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.044

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121115133000.htm

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The Future of Media Funding

 sharing economy media crowdsourcing crowdfunding When people hear that I help run TriplePundit, the first question they always ask me is ?how the heck do you do it??

It?s true, funding for high-quality discourse is hard to come by. But at the same time, interest in joining the conversation on sustainability in business is exploding. We know we?re doing something right, even if we are not becoming internet millionaires.

Luckily enough, we run pretty lean without the trappings that are killing old media like office space and printed publications (and, on the downside, pensions and health insurance and other benefits of a bygone era). The explosion of online media and the passion of our contributors mean that our costs are just a small proportion those a newspaper or magazine with a similar sized readership might face. The popularity of blogging means that high-quality blog posts from experienced professionals cost a fraction of what they once did (sometimes to the dismay of our writers).

But there are still costs. We have staff and writers and design and coding to do. The truth is that this pile of 0s and 1s represents the livelihood of several people and the passions of dozens if not hundreds of contributors. How do we meet our obligations and grow the business -and the conversation ? at the same time?

Unfortunately, they?re just a start. We sell some high value banner ads, but most of what you see when you are served an ad on TriplePundit (and most blogs) comes from an ad network and we only get paid when people click on the ads. As we all know, readers don?t do that very often, and when they do we?ll get anywhere from a few cents to a few bucks. According to my back-of-the-envelope calculations, banner ads bring in about a third of a cent for every page view on the site. These low returns are one reason why media companies produce slideshows of Paris Hilton?s top 10 sex faces. Publishers are fighting each other to produce ever more page views for an ever shrinking pile of revenue.

Now, what if you are super passionate about a niche topic like sustainable business and you are in the game, like us, for reasons beyond money ? like our audacious goal to use the power of business to make the world better? You have to go after your own advertisers and you have to get creative about what you offer them.

We use a Heinz 57 model (thanks to Tom Foremski of Silicon Valley Watcher for both the name and the concept). It means we?ll try anything once ? and if we get traction, we?ll expand it. Our revenue comes in dribs and drabs from advertisers, banner ads, sponsored content, event promo and trainings.

Now, unlike many articles you may have read on the future of media, we aren?t whining about the challenges we face. We are facing them head on with our eyes wide open. We?re very passionate about what we do and if we cared only about money, we?d have chosen other lines of work. Nevertheless, innovate or die.

All of this serves as background to explain why we?re experimenting with a new funding model.

Crowdfunding.

As a kick off topic, we want to explore the sharing economy ? a new economic model based on accessing resources (like that drill or truck you need to use a few times a year) rather than owning them.

You?ve probably heard of players in the space like Airbnb, Zipcar, and RelayRides. You might have even read about them here on TriplePundit. There are a few big players in this space, but the really exciting news is that there are hundreds of new companies coming on the scene. It?s very exciting from an editorial perspective, but the fact that the market is emerging means that there are fewer potential advertisers to approach.

However, there are a ton of smaller businesses and passionate individuals who want to see the sharing economy expand and thrive. And if they (you!) kick in a few bucks we can raise all the funds we need without tapping one funding source.

We aren?t after charity ? so we aren?t offering the typical ?Big THANK YOU? you?ll get from other crowdfunding campaigns. With this one, when you contribute you?ll get a perk with a dollar value equal to or greater than the money you are kicking in.

We?re asking the crowd for financial support, yes. But we?re also asking you, the readers, to vote with your dollars for the content you want to see us cover.

Crowdfunding helps put readers in the drivers seat of what we cover on TriplePundit. If this thing works, we?ll stick with it and we?ll be taking our cues from you.

[Image credit: WallyG, Flickr]

Scroll down to see comments.


Source: http://www.triplepundit.com/2012/11/future-media-funding/

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New-Science Wildlife Scientists: Creations of Wellington House ...

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Wildlife biologists as a whole are not evil people, nor are those who have educated them, our children and all of us from day one. Most are products of the same environment as you and I. I can?t speak directly for you, but I?m not an evil person; although I?m sure there are those who would disagree. As those famous words say, ?Forgive them Father, for they know not what they do.? The transformation did not happen over night. It has taken no fewer than 100 years to bring the United States to the brink of disaster; a catastrophe as it relates to our social identity and mind set. This change is sure to lead to a complete metamorphosis of such degree that history will not be able to recognize what we have become.

In Part I, I expressed thanks for the few people left in this world who think on their own. Why, I cannot fully explain but nonetheless this chosen band of perceived renegades have done perhaps more for us than any of us know or will ever know.

There exists a YouTube video called, ?Slavery and the Eight Veils (truth as you have never imagined)?. For the life of me I cannot understand why the makers of this video chose to choreograph it as some kind of weird revelation, with eerie and bizarre music, etc. The content of the video is compelling and should incite some sort of thoughts in those who view it, even if the information contained therein is not completely factual or can be substantiated. It is thought provoking. The significance of the video is to show that the overwhelming majority of people in this world remain blindly and robotically snuggled within the first veil of slavery, many of which fear truth beyond that veil as they have been programmed to do. Watch the video and then ask yourself where you are and just as importantly, why.

Who and what are the forces that have taken such a grip on our lives that we can no longer think for ourselves and are eager to extol the weltanschauung (articles of faith, canon, catechism, church, confession, conviction, cult, doctrine, dogma, faith, ideology, persuasion, profession, religion, tenet), even when this exalting and glorification of nonsensical doctrine is contrary to common sense and even defies sanity? It is certainly NOT my father?s way of thinking. And with this comes the emboldening of individuals who force their weltanschauung on others when what made America great was the freedom, liberty, rights and the pursuit of life and happiness without interference from others.

The network of forces at work is vast and I can never cover them all. My intention here is to begin with a few organizations and attempt to convince you that there is more to this sinister event than what you are allowed to see. All of these organizations are linked together for one grand purpose; to shape the moral, spiritual, cultural, political and economic decline of the United States of America.

The overwhelming majority of us probably have never heard of but a fraction of the non governmental organizations (NGOs), think tanks, research institutes, non profits etc. that bind and restrict the freedoms of our lives. Oftentimes we hear names of such groups and pay little or no attention to them. It?s time that we all stop doing that. Every time you hear another name of an entity involved in any aspect of your life, no matter how insignificant it may appear, do a bit more research of your own and find out what this group is up to and more importantly, who sponsors it; that is if you any longer care enough.

Let?s first begin with an entity that probably most of you have heard about but may not have knowledge as to exactly what they do, how far their reach is and what is their objective. The United Nations(UN) could entail an entire book but I intend to narrow the focus to education and how their influence is destroying, deliberately, our outdoor heritage.

The effort to ?shape the moral, spiritual, cultural, political and economic decline of the United States of America? began before the United Nations (once the League of Nations) was created on August 8, 1945. On that day, the US was the first nation to sign the charter and become a member. This act, in and of itself, is often debated as to whether or not it is constitutional. I?ll leave that decision up to you. I will however point out the many, many treaties the US has signed with the UN and direct you to the fact that they are, in fact, illegal and unconstitutional.

In 1829, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Marshall, wrote: ?A treaty is, in its nature, a contract between two nations, not a legislative act. It does not generally effect, of itself, the object to be accomplished; especially, so far as its operation is intraterritorial; but is carried into execution by the sovereign power of the respective parties to the instrument.? (Emboldening added)

In 1884, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, Miller, wrote in reference to the Head Money Cases: ?A treaty is primarily a compact between independent nations.?(emboldening added)

When we examine the several treaties the United States has with the United Nations, we see that all of them are illegal and unconstitutional and yet we continue to abide by said treaties while indulging in more. When outdoor sportsmen consider only the treaties signed within the Endangered Species Act, we should be outraged. And presently, President Obama is intending to find a way to turn the sovereign rights of the people of the United States to own firearms over to a non sovereign entity, a club of good ole boys who control all the purse strings and wield the power of a tyrannical despot. Ask yourself how much these treaties have an influence in your life and that of your children, while considering if the fact that Americans own guns by the millions is the last hold out obstacle before the U.S. becomes part of the planned New World Order run by a One World Government head by a dictator.

Turning more directly to education, the entire compass becomes vast, shady and totalitarian, designed to mislead and redirect. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is perhaps the giant, horned administrator of all things educational, scientific and cultural under the auspices of the United Nations. Consider the mission statement:

The mission of the UNESCO Education Sector is to:

*provide international leadership to create learning societies with educational opportunities for all populations.
*provide expertise and foster partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all.
*work as an intellectual leader, an honest broker and clearing house for ideas, propelling both countries and the international community to accelerate progress towards these goals.
*facilitate the development of partnerships and monitors progress, in particular by publishing an annual Global Monitoring Report that tracks the achievements of countries and the international community towards the six Education for All goals.

What does this tell us? Absolutely nothing really and by design! It all sounds good but tell me who decides what is ?quality education?? What is a ?learning society?? Number three intimates that UNESCO will decide what you and your child shall learn and you have no say over it. Is that any good?

UNESCO partners with the following (you need to take the time to study and find out about these agencies. After all, they are part of our destruction.):

1.)United Nations Development Program
2.)UNICEF
3.)World Bank
4.)International Labor Organization (for teachers)
5.)World Food Program
6.)Delivering as One
7.)United Nations Population Fund
8.)List of Nations and their organizations that donate money
9.)NGOs
10.)Private Donors (In consideration of a joint initiative with the World Economic Forum, consider these partners.)

Some readers will make comment that all of these programs are good. After all, how can anybody deny that feeding children is a bad thing. It?s not. It?s what the children become subjected to that is wrong and that seemingly nobody cares about, providing they get a free meal. And that too is by design. It?s one of the oldest tricks in the book on how to brainwash and proselytize. Lure somebody into your power structure by offering something for free and then let them have it with your ideologue and mind manipulations.

Another of UNESCO?s partners is the Global Partnership for Education. GPE?s stated mission is: ?To galvanize and coordinate a global effort to deliver a good quality education to all girls and boys, prioritizing the poorest and most vulnerable.?(emboldening added)

Something to consider in this is that it is the mission of GPE to ?galvanize and coordinate a global effort?. Does that mean an effort to reach all over the world or does that mean to educate children all over the world into a global mentality; a brain dead, robotic, mind changing and easily manipulated child who will grow up and do the bidding for those pulling all the strings?

A giant of a ?catch? word over the past several years is ?sustainability?. How many of you have actually thought about and looked into just what that means? It certainly sounds good but it is not. Sustainability has become a center of focus in just about everything we do in our lives. There is sustainability in education, population, growth, you name it, it?s there. And somebody or something is deciding how many people should inhabit this earth, how much, if any, food you can grow, what you learn in school and what kind of food you can eat.

Sustainability plays a giant roll with environmentalists and animal rights groups to put an end to hunting, trapping and fishing. Their brainwashed contention is that nature balances itself and that man should not be allowed to harvest game because it is NOT SUSTAINABLE and the people have a right to protect all wildlife.

Is this what you want? This is all done in the name of sustainability and that word comes to us courtesy of the tyrannical United Nations; a non sovereign boys club that has no country, no nation, no government, no army, nothing that identifies it as a sovereign country. But who gave the United Nations the word ?sustainability??

UNESCO is just one small part of the United Nations? brainwashing organization and yet I?ve only begun to scratch the surface as to how deep the indoctrinating and proselytizing goes; not just in the UN but within the hundreds of organizations sanctioned to destroy you and me and all that was passed down to us from our forefathers.

All of these programs are by design and not just happenstance. As a reader you can choose to ignore any or all of this information and remain conveniently shrouded behind curtain number one, or you can follow along, doing your own research to discover why your local fish and game department has fallen in love with the likes of environmental groups while turning their backs on the sportsmen. This is one of those instances where I said, ?even when this exalting and glorification of nonsensical doctrine is contrary to common sense and even defies sanity.? It makes no sense that what worked and worked well, is flushed down the toilet and replaced with nonsensical doctrine that defies rational thinking; unless your goal is to destroy it.

Due to constraints of time and space, I cannot begin to uncover for you the depth of despair the United Nations brings. Nothing about it is good. I?m sorry if that bunches your undies. If you think the majority of what the UN does is good, you are a victim. Time for a change.

In Part IV, I?ll begin looking at other brainwashing institutions such as, National Training Laboratories, Stanford Research Institute, Rand Corporation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Second Nature, United States Department of Education, the list is a hundred miles long and they all have something in common. I?ll also show you how California is the model for what America is to become all brought to you by the same evil forces running the rest of the planet.

Related posts:

  1. New-Science Wildlife Scientists: Creations of Wellington House ? Part II
  2. New-Science Wildlife Scientists: Creations of Wellington House ? Part I
  3. Costa Rica Bans Hunting
  4. Polar Bears and Global Warming
  5. Iowa Speech to the North American Elk Breeders Association Annual Convention

Source: http://tomremington.com/2012/11/15/new-science-wildlife-scientists-creations-of-wellington-house-part-iii/

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5 Things Auto Brands Can Teach You About Online Marketing

If you?re looking to gauge brands? engagement with digital media, look no further than the automotive industry.

Auto manufacturer campaigns can be used as a barometer for reading both online marketing trends and effective tactics for several reasons. Auto brands represent a massive market. Borrell Associates forecasts that by the end of 2012, ad spending ? both national and local ? will increase 14% to reach $30.8 billion, making the automotive industry one of the biggest media buyers in the nation.

Many of those ad dollars end up online. Borrell predicts a 39% increase in online automotive media buys. By the end of the year, the company says, ?$0.40 of every auto ad dollar will be spent on digital media.? In other words, car companies know their digital advertising.

Over the years, automotive companies have brought us some unforgettable campaigns, from BMW?s short online film series ?The Hire? to Audi?s alternate reality game ?The Art of the Heist.? We can learn a thing or two from these marketing mavens, even if our own products have nothing to do with the open road.

1. Automakers Don?t Throw Ads on the Web to See What Sticks

Instead, they select their themes thoughtfully, and when something resonates with their customers they don?t often abandon it. Think of Volkswagen?s ongoing Das Auto tagline, originally launched back in 2007; the ubiquitous ?Built Ford Tough? ads with their steel-plated logo; and Lexus? recurring ?December to Remember? holiday sales event.

Don?t get hung up on always giving your customers something ?fresh and new? if they?re responding to what you?ve already got.

2. Auto Brands Are Fiercely Consistent

Their online ads mirror their TV spots, which mirror their billboards, which mirror their ads in print. If it feels as though all commercials promoting cars look alike, you probably aren?t in-market for one.

Consumers who are will likely notice each car ad has its own brand identity, and that identity is evident in every form of media that car buyers consume. When this strategy is employed, individual ads aren?t left to their own devices but buttressed by the power of the campaign as a whole. To borrow a line from Dr. Seuss: A banner finds the strength of 10 ads? plus two.

3. Not All Car Campaigns Serve the Same Purpose

The automotive industry is a wheel with many spokes. Some ad spots are designed to familiarize consumers with new models. Others are meant to push in-market consumers further down the purchasing funnel.

Consumer profiling and site segmentation allow auto brands to better determine which ads to serve to which potential customers, based on their proximity to making a purchase. Better targeted ads translate into a better response rate. That?s something for which all marketers are looking, regardless of the nature of their product.

4. Automakers? Interactive Online Ads Actually Add Value

When automakers choose to do an interactive ad, they give consumers something that?s both useful and personal. This makes it engaging, and thus, more valuable.

Even in the early days of digital media, car manufacturers embraced configuration tools that invited car shoppers to customize their ideal vehicle. It was the perfect way to inform them about new models and add-ons that could be customized. That?s online interaction with purpose, and it speaks to consumers. It?s like topping a pizza exactly the way you like it and putting it in the oven to bake. Just try resisting the urge to take a bite.

5. Automakers Rely on Online Video to Engage

Historically car manufacturers have devoted the bulk of their ad budgets to television, and they have been reluctant to abandon this approach. Video, however, is a natural next step.

According to research from Martini Media, 62% of auto companies plan to shift TV dollars to online media. Furthermore, 95% believe that rich media is ?as effective as TV advertising.? Companies with strong roots in offline should find the shift to online video easy, as long as they remember to keep online videos short and put them where they?re likely to be shared: on YouTube, Facebook or the brand site.

Auto brands have cracked the code to online marketing. And they?ve done it by staying true to the strategies they honed offline.

Source: http://mashable.com/2012/11/15/online-marketing-auto-brands/

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